Because Linux provides so many commands and possible options, you can’t expect to recall all of them or know their meaning

To help, Linux provides several methods, such as man and the apropos commands, which let you access a help database that describes each command and its options.

As always with any Linux based system, many resources are available when help is needed, and the command prompt is no exception. One thing to keep in mind when using the command prompt, unlike Windows, Linux (including Ubuntu) is case sensitive, so be sure to type each character of a command in the proper case.

Display Options And Arguments For Commands

Say you’re working with a command and you want to know what options are available. The easiest method is to just type the command with the help option:

command –help

In the following example if you used the above syntax for the chmod command, the output would display as shown below:

wtn@wtn2:~$ chmod –help
Usage: chmod [OPTION]… MODE[,MODE]… FILE…
or: chmod [OPTION]… OCTAL-MODE FILE…
or: chmod [OPTION]… –reference=RFILE FILE…
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.

-c, –changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
–no-preserve-root do not treat `/’ specially (the default)
–preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/’
-f, –silent, –quiet suppress most error messages
-v, –verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
–reference=RFILE use RFILE’s mode instead of MODE values
-R, –recursive change files and directories recursively
–help display this help and exit
–version output version information and exit

Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+’.

Display Information About A Command

Each Linux command is described by a special file called a manual page. The manual pages are stored in a group of sub directories comprising a help database known as an on-line reference manual.

To access this database, use the man command with the following syntax:

man commandname

For example, to look up detailed information for chmod, type man chmod. The output will display as shown below:

CHMOD(1) User Commands CHMOD(1)

NAME
chmod – change file access permissions

SYNOPSIS
chmod [OPTION]… MODE[,MODE]… FILE…
chmod [OPTION]… OCTAL-MODE FILE…
chmod [OPTION]… –reference=RFILE FILE…

DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod. chmod changes
the permissions of each given file according to mode, which can be
either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal num\u2010
ber representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.

The format of a symbolic mode is \u2018[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXs\u2010
tugo...]…][,...]\u2019. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, sepa\u2010
rated by commas.

A combination of the letters \u2018ugoa\u2019 controls which users\u2019 access to
the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the
file\u2019s group (g), other users not in the file\u2019s group (o), or all
users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if \u2018a\u2019 were
given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.

The operator \u2018+\u2019 causes the permissions selected to be added to the
Manual page chmod(1) line 1

To continue navigating through the pages, use the following keyboard shortcuts:

• Space Bar – scrolls down one page
• B – pressing B scrolls up one page
• Page Up/Down – scrolls up and down one page (same as Space Bar and B)
• Up/Down Arrow – scrolls up or down one line at a time
• Home – jumps to beginning (top)
• End – jumps to end (bottom)
• Q (or CTRL Z) – quits and exits manual page

Search Manual (man) Pages For Keywords

While the man command searches the manual pages and displays detailed information about a specified command, you can use the apropos command to easily search manual pages for keywords. This is useful to display summary information about manual pages that contain a specified keyword.

For example, typing the command:

apropos files

will display a list of man pages containing the word files as shown below.

wtn@wtn2:~$ apropos files
aa-logprof (8) – utility program for managing AppArmor security profiles
aa-unconfined (8) – output a list of processes with tcp or udp ports that do not have AppArmor profiles loaded
aplaymidi (1) – play Standard MIDI Files
apparmor.d (5) – syntax of security profiles for AppArmor.
apparmor.vim (5) – vim syntax highlighting file for AppArmor profiles
apparmor_parser (8) – loads AppArmor profiles into the kernel
apport-unpack (1) – extract the fields of a problem report to separate files
apt-ftparchive (1) – Utility to generate index files
apt-sortpkgs (1) – Utility to sort package index files
arecordmidi (1) – record Standard MIDI Files
aspell-autobuildhash (8) – Autobuilding aspell hash files for some dicts
bittorrent-downloader.bittorrent (1) – download files using a scatter-gather network
bogoutil (1) – Dumps, loads, and maintains bogofilter database files
btdownloadcurses (1) – download files using a scatter-gather network
btdownloadcurses.bittorrent (1) – download files using a scatter-gather network
btdownloadheadless (1) – download files using a scatter-gather network
btdownloadheadless.bittorrent (1) – download files using a scatter-gather network

Note, that the search is limited to the short description that appears at the beginning of each manual page.

The apropos command is useful when you don’t recall the name of a Linux command. By typing a related keyword, you can obtain a list of commands and search the list for the command you need.

Other Ways To Find Commands

While apropos helps you find commands using keywords, you can list commands using the following methods.

– List All Available Commands – press the tab key twice. You will see the following message

wtn@wtn2:~$
Display all 1910 possibilities? (y or n)

To display, just press y. You can scroll through the list by pressing the space bar. To exit before reaching the end of the list, press q.

– List All Commands Starting With A Letter Or Letters – type a letter and press the tab key twice.

For example typing w and pressing tab key twice will display all commands starting with ‘w’.

wtn@wtn2:~$ w
w whereis wpa_cli
w3m which wpa_passphrase
w3mman while wpa_supplicant
wait whiptail w.procps
wall who write
watch whoami writevt
wc whois wvdial
wftopfa wodim wvdialconf
wget word-list-compress www-browser
whatis wpa_action

While typing wh and pressing tab key twice will display all commands starting with ‘wh’.

wtn@wtn2:~$ wh
whatis which whiptail whoami
whereis while who whois

- Show Brief Description Of Command – To display just command descriptions, type whatis and the command name. For example, typing whatis who displays the following:

wtn@wtn2:~$ whatis who

who (1) – show who is logged on

- Display Location Of Command – To display the directory or path for a command, use the which command using the following syntax. , which who.

wtn@wtn2:~$ which who
/usr/bin/who

As you can see, many oprions exist to find help at the command prompt when using Ubuntu or any Linux distributions. For Windows users making the switch to Ubuntu, knowing how to find help will ease the transisition and eliminate any fears at the command prompt.

keyboard function

Some programs have their own set of functions that they have assigned to the Function keys. You can find these in the menu of the program. The menu items which are assigned a function key have the corresponding function key designated after the item name. If you press that function key, you can perform that function without using the menu or buttons. The program’s help or manual should also tell which functions are assigned to the function keys. You might want to try each one of these as you read through them.

Function Keys for Windows

* F1 – Opens Help for the currently displayed program (this does not work on all programs).

* Windows Logo key and F1 – Opens Windows’ Help.

* F2 – Highlights the name of a selected object for renaming in Windows Explorer, desktop, and some other Windows’ programs. First, you need to select an item that can be renamed (like, a file or shortcut). After pressing F2, you can then type what you want to rename the object to.

* F3 – Brings up Search in Windows Explorer.

* F4 – Drops down the Address bar in Internet Explorer showing your previous locations. This allows you to scroll down and select one.

* Alt and F4 – Closes the currently displayed program.

* F5 – Refreshes the view in Windows Explorer, Internet Explorer (in other words, it looks at the source again and reloads the contents), and other programs. In MailWasher it checks the mail (which I guess would be a kind of refresh).

* F6 – moves the cursor around the structure of a program. Pressing it may cycle you from window to window or from place to place within the program. In Windows Explorer it moves you from the left pane to the right pane and back. This is similar to what the Tab key does.

* Alt and F6 – Switches between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the main Notepad window).

* F7 – does not have any functionality in Windows. It may be used in individual programs.

* F8 – accesses Safe Mode if pressed at the right time while the computer is starting. Safe Mode is a trouble-shooting mode, which will start the computer with minimal drivers.

* F9 – does not have any functionality in Windows. It may be used in individual programs.

* F10 – Changes the focus to and from the menu. Pressing the Alt key will also do this. Once the focus is on the menu items, you can use the arrow keys to navigate to an item and the Enter key to select it.

* Shift and F10 – brings up the popup menu in Windows Explorer much like right clicking on an item does.

* F11 – Switches between regular screen mode and full screen mode. Full screen mode is like a maximized screen but with more screen space and less toolbar controls

* F12 – does not have any functionality in Windows. It may be used in individual programs.

You may have noticed that some of the Function keys are not used (F7, F9, F12) in Windows. That doesn’t mean that they can’t be used. You can assign them or any other key combination to quickly run programs that you frequently use. Here are instructions for doing that.

• Locate the shortcut of that program. The Start menu is a good place to find shortcuts (every icon in the Start menu is a shortcut). If the program doesn’t have a shortcut, create one.

• Right click on the shortcut and select the Properties item from the popup menu.

• The Properties dialog will open. Go to the Shortcut tab.

• Put the curser in the Shortcut key textbox and press the Function key or key combination (like Alt + Ctrl + 2) which you want to use to start the program.

• The Function key name or key combination name will appear in the box.

• Click on the Apply button (or the OK button) and close the dialog.

After you have done this, whenever you press that Function key or key combination, that program will start. Please note that if you use a Function key or key combination that is already used by Windows or other programs, it will no longer work in Windows or the other programs as it used to and will instead start your program.

To disable this, follow the above instructions but press Backspace or Delete in the Shortcut key textbox.

The Function keys are there to make your life easier. Now you can start using them.

Author – Ray Geide of Ray’s Computer Tips and many top computer software
Super Win Software, Inc.

http://www.superwin.com

They said, “May we see that? We’ve never seen one quite so beautiful.” As the storekeeper handed it to them, suddenly the teacup spoke.

“You don’t understand,” it said. “I haven’t always been a teacup. There was a time when I was red and I was clay.” My master took me and rolled me and patted me over and over and I yelled out, “let me alone”, but he only smiled, “Not yet.”

“Then I was placed on a spinning wheel,” the teacup said, “and suddenly I was spun around and around. Stop it! I’m getting dizzy!” I screamed. But my master only nodded and said, ‘Not yet.”

Then he put me in the oven. I never felt such heat. I wondered why he wanted to burn me, and I yelled and knocked at the door. I could see him through the opening and I could read his lips as He shook his head, “Not yet.”

Finally the door opened, he put me on the shelf, and I began to cool. “There, that’s better,” I said. And he brushed and painted me all over. The fumes were horrible. I thought I would gag. ”Stop it, stop it!” I cried. He only nodded,”Not yet.”

Then I knew there wasn’t any hope. I would never make it. I was ready to give up. But the door opened and he took me out and placed me on the shelf.

One hour later he handed me a mirror and said, “Look at yourself.” And I did. I said,”That’s not me; that couldn’t be me. It’s beautiful. I’m beautiful.”
Then my Master said to me, “I know it hurts to be rolled and patted, but if I had left you alone, you’d have dried up. I know it made you dizzy to spin around on the wheel, but if I had stopped, you would have crumbled.
I knew it hurt and was hot and disagreeable in the oven, but if I hadn’t put you there, you would have cracked. I know the fumes were bad when I brushed and painted you all over, but if I hadn’t done that, you never would have hardened;you would not have had any color in your life.
You are what I had in mind when I first began with you.”

Moral: God knows what He’s doing (for all of us).He is the all-Wise & all-Knowing.
He will mold us, by passing us through difficulties in life. So that we become better human beings and face the challenges of life with ease.

actualy i want to make forum and a online store but I don’t know how to start a forum and I don’t have anything to sale in the store…

it’s hard to be a web enterpreneur.

but lets try, we dont know about the effort if not tryng…

I was born as the first child of four children, was born eighteen years before I typed this post. Oh yes, this is only a post rather than a diary that tells kesahku complained. It is not also a novel that raised the real story. Information about myself I was born and given the name “Ronald Pardede”, waw pretty name, one year eight months I became an only child. Before my first sister was born!. Not a lot of what I saw in those days than what my parents told olehorang and the people around them. That’s what I know is I was born in the late afternoon of April six years and nine one. Born with a healthy body, fat and big. Maybe because I was conceived during the ten months.
My childhood quite pleasant, with undivided attention from parents. Born in a village two and a half hour away from the city district. Born of a mother who married a guru.di a place my father in assigned housing. My growth is quite good, though far from town, my parents gave me milk powder every day after the breastfeeding period. A form of love that I proud of today. At that very rarely infants and toddlers get the milk. My parents bought the milk through the only one in the village minibus, minibus that nearly each day to the city. I’m healthy babies liked by neighbors, in the afternoon when the mother carried me for a walk around the house a lot of girls who like to carry me.
Pleasure that continues even though my sister was born, my parents’ attention remains intact to me. My first sister was born on December twenty-five nine two. Right Christmas night, but in the village my family is the only Christian family. That’s what I know about the birth of my sister. Then me and my sister grew up together. Because of our age are not much different from father to equate what I get toys and toys that gets. We are quite a lot of toys compared to other children in the village.
Six years from my birth I went to elementary school. Although it before it happens, I’ve started to learn. I never felt the bench playgroup or kindergarten. Because of the village there is no educational institutions are like that. Due to limited classroom space, the between-class and second class at the join in one room, and besides the number of primary school students in the place was not too much.

to introduce my self to world explain about my activity , tell about my hope, describe about my project. this blog show all my creativities, all about my love story, all about my family,. I will wrote all of my mind in this blog.

this blog is just about me